Bronchiectasis is a chronic condition where the walls of the bronchi (the tubes that carry air in and out of the lungs) become permanently damaged, widened, and thickened. This damage can lead to mucus buildup, making the lungs more prone to infection and other complications. It is not a common condition, but it can significantly affect the quality of life if untreated.
Causes
Bronchiectasis can result from various underlying conditions, including:
- Infections: Severe pneumonia, tuberculosis, or whooping cough.
- Immune Deficiencies: Weak immune systems that fail to fight infections effectively.
- Cystic Fibrosis: A genetic condition that leads to thick mucus production.
- Allergic Reactions: Such as allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis (ABPA).
- Obstruction: Caused by tumors, foreign objects, or enlarged lymph nodes.
Symptoms
- Chronic cough with mucus (often yellow or green and sometimes with blood).
- Shortness of breath.
- Wheezing.
- Recurrent chest infections.
- Fatigue and low energy.
Diagnosis
To confirm bronchiectasis, doctors may recommend:
- X-ray: Use to identify its appearance.
- CT Scan: The most reliable imaging test for detecting bronchiectasis.
- Lung Function Tests: To measure breathing capacity.
- Sputum Test: To check for infections or bacteria.
- Bronchoscopy: To examine airways directly.
Treatment
Although bronchiectasis cannot be cured, its symptoms can be managed with proper treatment:
Medications:
- Antibiotics for infections.
- Bronchodilators to open up airways.
- Mucolytics to thin mucus.
Physiotherapy: Techniques like chest physiotherapy or postural drainage to clear mucus.
Vaccination: To prevent infections (e.g., flu and pneumococcal vaccines).
Surgery: In rare cases, to remove severely affected parts of the lung.
Prevention & Management
- Avoid smoking and secondhand smoke.
- Stay up to date on vaccinations.
- Treat respiratory infections promptly.
- Regular exercise to improve lung function.
- Maintain proper hydration to loosen mucus.
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