What is lung abscess?

 

A lung abscess is a localized collection of pus within the lung tissue caused by infection. It typically occurs when the body's immune system fails to clear bacteria, fungi, or other microorganisms, leading to tissue necrosis (death) and cavity formation.

Causes of Lung Abscess

1. Aspiration: The most common cause is when food, saliva, or stomach contents are inhaled into the lungs (e.g., in alcohol intoxication, unconsciousness, or seizures).

2. Bacterial Infections: Particularly caused by anaerobic bacteria.

3. Obstruction: Tumors, foreign objects, or other blockages can lead to infection and abscess formation.

4. Weakened Immune System: Conditions like HIV/AIDS, cancer, or diabetes make the lungs more susceptible to abscess formation.

5. Pneumonia Complication: Severe or untreated pneumonia can lead to abscess formation.

Symptoms of Lung Abscess

• Persistent cough, often with foul-smelling or blood-streaked sputum.

• Fever and chills.

• Night sweats.

• Chest pain, especially when breathing deeply.

• Fatigue and weight loss.

• Shortness of breath.

Diagnosis

Doctors may recommend:

1. Chest X-ray or CT Scan: To detect the cavity and surrounding infection.

2. Sputum Culture: To identify the causative organism.

3. Blood Tests: To check for infection markers.

4. Bronchoscopy: To rule out tumours or foreign bodies causing the abscess.

Treatment

Treatment typically involves:

1. Antibiotics: Long-term antibiotic therapy (oral or intravenous) is the mainstay of treatment.

2. Drainage: In severe cases, the abscess may need to be drained via a needle or catheter.

3. Surgery: Rarely needed but may be required if the abscess does not respond to antibiotics or if complications like bleeding occur.

Complications

If untreated, a lung abscess can lead to:

• Spread of infection to other organs (sepsis).

• Chronic lung problems.

• Pleural effusion (fluid around the lungs).

• Rupture of the abscess into the pleural space, causing empyema (pus in the pleural cavity).